Research,
read before you decide.
What the published trials actually found about the medicines we prescribe: the numbers, the people they were measured in, and the limits. No promises, every source linked.
- GLP-1 beyond the scale:
what the research showsHeart, kidneys, liver, sleep and joints: the published trials, with their numbers and their limits.7 min read - Microdosing GLP-1:
what we know, and what we don’tLower-than-label doses are everywhere online. Here is what has actually been studied, and how our physicians use dose.5 min read - NAD+ and cellular energy:
what the trials showNAD+ precursors, NAD+ injections, glutathione and methylene blue: what has been tested in people, how small those studies are, and where the evidence stops.7 min read - Fatigue:
what to test before you treatB12, thyroid, sleep apnea, testosterone and mood: the common causes behind tiredness, what the labs show, and how common each one is.6 min read - Hair loss medicines:
what the trials showFinasteride, dutasteride and minoxidil: the published numbers, how long the trials ran, and what they do not tell you.7 min read - Finasteride side effects:
what the data sayTrial rates, the nocebo question, persistence after stopping, and who should not take it, including women and pregnancy.6 min read - Ketamine for depression:
what the trials show and what they don'tIV, nasal and oral ketamine: what the controlled trials found, how small and short they were, and where the evidence stops.7 min read - Oral ketamine:
safety, monitoring and who should not use itWhat can go wrong with oral ketamine, how we monitor people who take it, and the situations in which we will not prescribe it.6 min read - Peptides:
what the human evidence showsThe few human trials we could verify, the regulatory picture, and where the data stop.6 min read - BPC-157:
what we knowAnimal data against human data, the FDA status, and why we prescribe it only under physician oversight.5 min read - Erectile dysfunction is a vital sign:
what the cohorts showErection changes become more common with age and go together with heart risk. Here is what the published cohorts show, what to check, and what they do not prove.6 min read - PDE5 inhibitors:
what the trials showSildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil compared: what the trials measured, daily against as-needed use, safety, and why nitrates are never combined with them.6 min read - Tretinoin:
what decades of trials showPhotoaging, acne and two-year data: the published trials of tretinoin, with their numbers and their limits.7 min read - Adult acne in women:
hormones and spironolactonePersistent acne in adult women, and what the largest placebo-controlled trial of spironolactone measured, and did not.6 min read - Testosterone beyond the gym:
what the trials show across body systemsSex drive, blood, bone, blood sugar and thinking: what the published trials found, with their numbers and their limits.6 min read - Testosterone and the heart:
what TRAVERSE foundThe safety question first: heart events, fractures, prostate and blood counts in the largest placebo-controlled trial of testosterone.6 min read - Levothyroxine, T3 and desiccated thyroid:
what the trials showLevothyroxine is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism. We look at what the trials show about adding T3 and about desiccated thyroid, and where the evidence stops.6 min read - TSH testing and dose adjustment:
what we check and whenHow hypothyroidism is confirmed with TSH, why we do not treat a borderline number alone in older adults, and how we recheck after every dose change.6 min read - Vitamin B12:
who is at risk and how to treat itWho is at risk of B12 deficiency, how it is tested, and what the trials show about oral versus injected B12, with the limits of each finding.7 min read - Lipotropic injections:
what the evidence saysMethionine, inositol, choline and B12 injections are sold for fat loss. Here is what the research has and has not tested.6 min read - Vitamin D and omega-3:
what the big trials foundVITAL, the largest trial of vitamin D3 and fish oil in healthy adults, and STRENGTH, the high-dose omega-3 trial that was stopped early: what they found, and where the evidence stops.6 min read - Lowering LDL cholesterol:
where ezetimibe fitsIMPROVE-IT, which added ezetimibe to a statin after a recent acute coronary syndrome, and what the trials say about coenzyme Q10 for heart failure and for statin muscle symptoms.6 min read - Hormone therapy beyond hot flashes:
what the research showsBones, the heart, vaginal health and sexual desire: the published trials, with their numbers and their limits.6 min read - Hormone therapy and breast cancer risk:
what the trials foundWhat the Women’s Health Initiative found for estrogen alone and for estrogen with progestin, why the two differ, and how physicians weigh it.6 min read - Anastrozole:
what the research showsWhat it does to estradiol and testosterone in men, the head-to-head data, and why estradiol is not a free benefit.6 min read - Clomiphene:
what the research showsLong-term case series, a head-to-head test against anastrozole, and why the male evidence is observational.7 min read - Coenzyme Q10:
what the research showsOne large heart-failure trial, the statin muscle-symptom trials that followed, and what they do not show for healthy adults.6 min read - Desiccated thyroid:
what the research showsOne crossover trial, a 2024 review of the evidence, and what the guidelines say about animal-derived thyroid extract.5 min read - Enclomiphene:
what the research showsA phase II trial against testosterone gel, the pooled SERM data, and why it is not an approved medicine.5 min read - Estradiol:
what the research showsHot flashes, arteries, stroke, clots and timing: what the estradiol trials measured, in whom, and where they stop.7 min read - Vaginal estradiol:
what the research showsDryness, pain and urinary symptoms: the vaginal estrogen trials, their doses, what they measured, and what is still missing.6 min read - Ezetimibe:
what the research showsIMPROVE-IT and what it tested: a statin with or without ezetimibe after a heart attack or unstable angina, and what it does not show.6 min read - Finasteride:
what the research showsHow it works, which dose the trials chose, how slowly results come, and who has been studied.6 min read - Fish oil:
what the research showsThree large omega-3 trials, one positive result for a purified product, and why the rest of the evidence does not transfer to capsules.6 min read - Glutathione:
what the research showsOral glutathione trials in healthy adults, the one controlled IV study, and what is not known about injection.6 min read - hCG:
what the research showsA retrospective series, a large real-world cohort, and the randomized trial that is still missing.5 min read - Hydroquinone:
what the research showsThe triple cream with the most trial data, hydroquinone against kojic acid and azelaic acid, and what the reviews rate.5 min read - Ketamine:
what the research showsThe randomized trials of IV ketamine for depression, their comparisons, and the gap for tablets.6 min read - Levothyroxine:
what the research showsWhere levothyroxine is the standard, where the trials found no benefit, and what the evidence says about older adults with only a raised TSH.6 min read - Metformin:
what the research showsThe Diabetes Prevention Program and its ten-year follow-up: what metformin did for diabetes, for weight and for safety, and what it does not show.6 min read - Methylene blue,
what the trials show.Three randomized trials in people have measured outcomes for methylene blue. They are small, short and mostly outside the capsule form sold here.6 min read - Oral minoxidil:
what the research showsThe small trials, the large safety series, the pooled data, and the one randomized comparison with topical minoxidil.6 min read - NAD+ precursors:
what the research showsOral NMN and nicotinamide riboside in people: four controlled trials, their numbers and their limits, and the one IV NAD+ pilot.7 min read - Phentermine and topiramate:
what the research showsThe placebo-controlled weight trials, the blood sugar and blood pressure findings, the side effects and the pregnancy rule.6 min read - Progesterone:
what the research showsWhy progesterone is paired with estrogen, what the trials and cohorts measured, and why creams are the weakest part of the evidence.6 min read - Semaglutide:
what the research showsThe weight trials, the dose ladder, the oral tablet and the side effects, with their numbers and their limits.7 min read - Sermorelin:
what the research showsThree small trials in older adults that measured hormone levels, a 1997 approval for children that was later discontinued, and why adult outcomes are still missing.6 min read - What the research shows
about SS-31 (elamipretide).Elamipretide has one approval, accelerated, for muscle strength in Barth syndrome. Its larger trial in mitochondrial myopathy did not show benefit.6 min read - Tesamorelin:
what the research showsThe HIV trial behind its approved use, the older-adult cognition trial, the warnings in its label, and what none of these studies show.7 min read - Testosterone:
what the research showsForms, dose and monitoring, what the big trials measured, and how fertility fits in. The heart and performance questions have their own articles.8 min read - Oral testosterone:
what the research showsThe one pivotal study of Kyzatrex, what the FDA reviewed, and what the blood-pressure data show.6 min read - Testosterone in women:
what the research showsSexual desire, the trial that tested testosterone without estrogen, and why the consensus limits its use.6 min read - What the research shows
about thymosin alpha-1.The human trials of thymosin alpha-1 are few. The largest, in sepsis, found no mortality benefit, and the approvals that exist are in some Asian countries.6 min read - Tirzepatide:
what the research showsThe weight trials, the head-to-head trial against semaglutide, sleep apnea, what happens when treatment stops, and the dose ladder.6 min read - Vitamin D3:
what the research showsThree large trials of vitamin D in people not selected for deficiency, what they found on heart, cancer and deaths, and the autoimmune signal.6 min read